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标题: 计算机启动过程 [打印本页]

作者: zflzxx 时间: 2006-11-24 22:54
标题: 计算机启动过程
<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">打开电源启动机器几乎是电脑爱好者每天必做的事情，面对屏幕上出现的一幅幅启动画面，我们一点儿也不会感到陌生，但是，计算机在显示这些启动画面时都做了些什么工作呢？相信有的朋友还不是很清楚，本文就来介绍一下从打开电源到出现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">Windows</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">的蓝天白云时，计算机到底都干了些什么事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">
<br/></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">　　首先让我们来了解一些基本概念。第一个是大家非常熟悉的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">（基本输入输出系统），</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">是直接与硬件打交道的底层代码，它为操作系统提供了控制硬件设备的基本功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">包括有系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">（即常说的主板</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">）、显卡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">和其它设备（例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">IDE</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">控制器、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">SCSI</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">卡或网卡等）的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">，其中系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">是本文要讨论的主角，因为计算机的启动过程正是在它的控制下进行的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">一般被存放在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">ROM(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">只读存储芯片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">之中，即使在关机或掉电以后，这些代码也不会消失。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">
<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">　　第二个基本概念是内存的地址，我们的机器中一般安装有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">32MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">64MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">128MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">内存，这些内存的每一个字节都被赋予了一个地址，以便</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">CPU</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">访问内存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">32MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">的地址范围用十六进制数表示就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">0</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">1FFFFFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">，其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">0</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">FFFFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">的低端</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">1MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">内存非常特殊，因为最初的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">8086</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">处理器能够访问的内存最大只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">1MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">，这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">1MB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">的低端</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">640KB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">被称为基本内存，而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">A0000H</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BFFFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">要保留给显示卡的显存使用，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">C0000H</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">FFFFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">则被保留给</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">使用，其中系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">一般占用了最后的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">64KB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">或更多一点的空间，显卡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">C0000H</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">C7FFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">处，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">IDE</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">控制器的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">BIOS</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">C8000H</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">CBFFFH</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song">
</font></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><font face="宋体, MS Song"><p><p></p></p></font></span>

作者: 道士 时间: 2007-4-13 20:58
版主的资料很实用，能不能把810主板的启动过程给详细的介绍一下吗？

作者: 华立 时间: 2007-4-14 14:28
看不懂,还需学习

作者: yct0605 时间: 2007-4-15 20:10

好像说的还不是很全面啊.

作者: xinyenn 时间: 2007-4-16 12:12
最好介绍一下各种芯片的主板启动过程就好.

作者: 一剑飘香 时间: 2007-11-13 21:25
启动的过程没有详细想过，看了楼主的明白了

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